How to Write Urban Fantasy and Put Magic in the Mundane

Doug Landsborough
August 1, 2024

What if the normal, bustling streets you walked or drove down every day hid a secret world full of mystery and magic? What if the world you and I know is only a thin veneer hiding monsters and organizations dedicated to hunting them?

That’s the allure of urban fantasy: taking what we are all familiar with and asking “What if?”

It’s a combination of the mundane and the magical, and it makes for some of the most exciting stories in modern literature (at least, in my humble opinion… as an urban fantasy author and reader).

Urban fantasy also gives us the opportunity to explore timeless themes in a contemporary setting, something that epic fantasy, dark fantasy, and science fantasy can’t do. It is truly unique in its substance.

And we’re going to talk all about how you can bring your urban fantasy story to life. That includes:

  • Understanding this awesome subgenre
  • Building an urban fantasy world
  • Creating characters
  • Coming up with a great urban fantasy plot
  • Some tips to remember and common mistakes to avoid

Urban fantasy is a subgenre with avid fans who love to read a lot. If you have a story idea that combines the magical and modern, you’re in the right place.

Understanding the Urban Fantasy Subgenre

Before we get too far into this article, let’s come up with a solid grasp of what urban fantasy really is.

Here is a pretty clinical definition:

Urban fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy set primarily in a real-world urban environment where magical elements coexist with the modern world.

“Urban” means relating to or characteristic of a town or city, which means most novels in this subgenre don’t take place in a country or rural setting. That’s not to say smaller towns can’t be your primary setting or your characters can’t venture out to a farmhouse or forest, but those aren’t the most common settings in this subgenre.

To expand on our clinical definition, here are some key elements and common traits of successful urban fantasy novels.

Magic in Modern Settings

This is the hallmark of urban fantasy. Magic is not confined to the mages of ancient castles or the dark cults dancing in the woods under a blood moon; it thrives in the bustling streets, hidden alleys, and everyday locations of modern life.

In most urban fantasy, magic goes unnoticed by the mundane world, though there are plenty of instances where it is public knowledge. Either way, magic is integrated into society, whether it’s noticed or not.

This parallel world is often referred to as “the secret world,” “the world beneath,” and so on.

Urban Environments

Like I mentioned, urban fantasy takes place in urban locations (or at least semi-urban places or a town). Cities aren’t usually just backdrops to the story but integral to it. The city itself, more than most genres, influences the plot, themes, and characters.

The reason cities are chosen over rural areas, in part, is because of the contrast they can create with the magical elements of your story. Again, we’re drawing on that familiarity of modern life and saying, “Hold up, there’s dazzling spells and cursed artifacts in the middle of a shopping mall.”

Most urban fantasy settings are real-life metropolises, like New York City or Toronto. However, you can make your own fictional place for your stories to take place in, and some urban fantasy novels center in towns with only a couple thousand inhabitants.

Integration of Fantasy with Real-World Elements

Everyday life coexists with the extraordinary, and that’s a two-way street. That means your protagonist and other characters might juggle a day job while fighting supernatural threats. They might save the world, but they still need to work at a coffee shop to make rent by the end of the month.

On top of that, you need to balance real-world issues, finding ways to weave things like crime, social justice, technology, and climate change into your world alongside magical elements.

If you take the time to think about how that all works, though, you’re going to create a grossly engaging world.

Hidden Magical Societies

While not present in all urban fantasy novels, hidden magical societies are pretty commonplace in this subgenre. Secret societies, hidden magical enclaves, and underground networks often play significant roles in your character’s journey and the larger world.

If you love worldbuilding, you’ll foam at the mouth as you come up with the rules, hierarchies, conflicts, and histories that create these organizations and inform how they affect the plot.

Supernatural in Everyday Life

It isn’t just magic that’s everywhere in urban fantasy; supernatural elements are part of the everyday world. This includes everything from mythical creatures and supernatural beings to enchanted objects and magical locations.

Vampires might run nightclubs or cafes. Werewolves work as private investigators and bouncers. Witches own new-age shops or take on private clients for out-of-body experiences.

You can also incorporate mythology and folklore into your story, pulling ancient legends into the modern world. This can include reinterpretations of classic myths, incorporation of lesser-known folklore, and the creation of entirely new mythological elements.

Just remember these older legends either need to fit into everyday life or present a threat to it that needs taking care of.

Tension Between the Mundane and Magical

Beyond paying the bills, characters have to deal with the tension of leading two lives and living in two worlds. I don’t know about you, but I’d find it difficult to write articles like these if I knew an eldritch being was on the precipice of being summoned and only I could do something to stop it.

On top of that, there’s the macro-level tension between the mundane world and the magical one. How do they coexist? How do they threaten each other? Is there some kind of balance that needs to be maintained?

Worldbuilding in Urban Fantasy

This is just my personal opinion, but worldbuilding is the best part of writing. If I could just be paid to work with authors to build their worlds, magic systems, religions, monsters, and so on, I would be a happy man.

And worldbuilding for an urban fantasy novel is even more appealing to me than most. 

Now, I wish I could spend a few thousand words on a complete worldbuilding guide, but this article is about writing urban fantasy, not worldbuilding, so here are a few links you’re going to want to bookmark to help buff your skills in this area.

Instead, I’m going to offer some urban fantasy-specific advice when you’re crafting your fictional world.

Blend Real Settings with the Fantastical

Up first, we need to figure out where your story is taking place. Like we mentioned before, the setting of your story is more than just a backdrop in urban fantasy (and most stories, but especially in this subgenre).

Most urban fantasy focuses on a single city—the characters live there, work there, and operate within the magical systems there. They might venture out to other locations or parts of the world, but entire double-digit length series often take place in one city.

It’s your choice if you want to take a real place and make it magical or come up with your own metropolis for your story. Creating fictional places inspired by real towns and cities gives you more creative freedom but lacks the familiarity and potential of an actual place.

Whichever you choose, think about the history, culture, and unique characteristics of your setting. Consider how its geography and infrastructure can influence your magical elements or be influenced by them.

Adding Magic to a City

There are innumerous ways you can add magic to an urban setting, but here are two of the most popular (and beloved) ways to do so:

Landmarks and locations - Infuse iconic landmarks with magical significance. There’s a portal to the fae realm in Central Park. The Statue of Liberty is a giant sentinel that comes to life when the city is threatened. Space Mountain was built on an old dragon’s lair.

You can also create secret magical locations throughout the city. Think an occult market in the sewers or a meeting place for supernatural factions at the top of the Eiffel Tower. These will be well known by the secret world-savvy.

Everyday places with a twist - Because the world beneath exists within modern society, it will have many familiar, though slightly different, amenities and locations. Think about ways you can take everyday places we’re used to and make them magical.

I’m talking about a bar that serves witch’s brews and a subway system where every station is located on an intersection of ley lines. Unless magic is obvious and well-known in your world, you’ll want to blend the ordinary with the extraordinary, making magic a part of daily life without drawing overt attention.

Creating Your Urban Fantasy Magic System

If you add up all the words from the articles we have about magic and magic systems on DabbleU, it’s probably bordering on novel length. It’s a whole rabbit hole you can dive down, and it’s only one aspect of worldbuilding.

That said, it’s an incredibly important part of worldbuilding. Magic is to fantasy as technology is to science fiction and happily ever afters are to romance.

So, while I’ll be covering some of the basics of magic and urban fantasy here, feel free to dive down the magic systems rabbit hole with the links below:

For now, let’s talk about what you need for your urban fantasy novel.

Where Does Magic Come From?

Technically the source of any magic is essential in every fantasy story, but it’s for that reason that I’m knocking it out right away.

When it comes to where magic comes from, you have a bunch of options. Here are some to whet your palate.

Innate Magic

These characters are born with magical abilities. These could be hereditary, passed down through bloodlines and restricted to particular families, or they could just be random mutations. If you go this route, consider when these abilities manifest.

Learned Magic

Magic is a skill that can be learned through study and practice. Are there schools, guilds, or mentors who teach magic? What are the costs and challenges of learning magic?

Granted Magic

With this source, magic is granted by gods, spirits, demons, or other supernatural entities or artifacts. Consider what sort of pact or agreement needs to be made to acquire these abilities. Are there any consequences for breaking them?

These are the most common sources of magic but not the only ones. Reference those links above for more variety, but always keep in mind how you’ll tie these sources into your urban fantasy world.

Types of Magic

Another quick crash course in the types of magic you might be interested in integrating into your world. Try to think about who uses these magics, what the barriers to entry are, and how they affect your world.

Elemental magic - Control over elements like fire, water, earth, and air.

Healing magic - Abilities to heal wounds and cure illnesses.

Illusion magic - Creating illusions to deceive the senses.

Necromancy - Manipulating life and death, communicating with the dead.

Technomancy - Combining magic with technology.

Enchantment - Imbuing objects with magical properties.

Rules and Limitations

If there’s one thing you must know about creating a magic system, it’s that limitations and what magic can’t do are the most important things you can come up with.

Why? Two reasons:

  1. Unchecked magic can be so powerful that everything else in your story feels meaningless.
  2. It creates tension and forces your characters to adapt or fail.

Defining the rules and limits of any magic system is mandatory. Here are some ideas to get you started.

Energy Source

Personal energy - Magic draws from the caster’s own life force or stamina, which can lead to exhaustion or physical harm.

External sources - Magic requires external sources like magical artifacts, ley lines, or specific environmental conditions.

Cost and Consequences

Physical and mental costs - Using magic can have physical or mental tolls, like fatigue, injury, mutation, or insanity.

Social and legal repercussions - Societal laws and regulations governing the use of magic. Are there magical crimes and law enforcement?

Limitations

Scope and power - Define the limits of what magic can and cannot do.

Skill and mastery - The caster’s skill level affects the potency and control of their magic. Novices might struggle with simple spells while masters perform complex arcane feats.

Impact on Society

Okay, now we’re starting to get more urban fantasy-specific. There are very few urban fantasy novels where magic is completely unknown save for a select few. It’s usually known to at least the members of the world beneath and may be known by mundane society, too.

When you’ve decided how well-known and integrated magic is into society, you need to define the impact it has.

Economic Impact

How does magic affect everyday tasks? I’m talking menial tasks, jobs, and industry.

Are there magical goods and services for sale or hire? Does the stock market still exist in a world where magic events can cause huge market swings? How do the wealthy or magically powerful exploit the economy?

Political Impact

Now think about how magic influences governing bodies. On one hand, you might have magical councils or parliaments. On the other, how do magical governments interact with mundane ones? Does the government know about the secret world? Are there treaties drafted between the two?

Then consider the power struggles between political powers—both within magic or supernatural society and between the secret and mundane worlds. All of this plays a role in when and how magic can be used.

Cultural Impact

Of course, magic of any kind would have an impact on society and culture. Imagine if we discovered magic today? Everything would change.

In your urban fantasy novel, how do ordinary people (from both worlds) view magic and magic users? It could be feared, worshipped, or both.

How well-integrated are magical communities into non-magical ones? Does magic play a bigger role in some areas, like art or science, than others? Are people from the secret world segregated in the mundane world (or vice-versa) or do we all get along?

Balancing the Magical with the Mundane

When you’re writing an urban fantasy novel, you need to find your balance between the magical and the mundane. This will be unique to your story; I can’t tell you what the right balance is. However, I can give you some things to think about when making that magical side of things and how they impact the mundane.

Using familiar elements helps ease readers into your dual world. That’s why urban fantasy excels; we know what these cities are like, even if they aren’t real. That in itself makes the fantastical elements more believable because some setting work is done for us.

You can also leverage technology to make magic make sense. This isn’t for everyone, but an app that has a library of spells or a magical GPS that is like Waze on arcane steroids gives us a sense of something before we add on magic.

Barring that, ease your readers into it to avoid overwhelming them. Start with subtle hints and displays, then build up to more significant revelations. Start with how magic is interwoven into daily life before jumping to a magic street fight with fireballs instead of firearms.

Think a simple spell for convenience, like fixing a broken chair leg or drying a soaking wet shirt after getting caught in the rain.

Adding in magical street vendors or people doing their jobs with magical assistance in the background is a great way to flesh out your world while introducing magic.

Lastly, I want you to consider the real-world impact of magical events when you get to them. If said street fight destroys a building, how is it explained to the public? Are there cover stories or magical clean-up crews? Or is it just an Avengers situation and we all have to deal with it?

Advanced Magic Rules

Last stop on our magic system section, but I want to drop some advanced tips to get that brain of yours thinking. These have the potential to make your “good” worldbuilding into something great.

Magic Evolution

There are plenty of ways magic can evolve over time. In an urban or modern setting, we have the luxury of history and recordkeeping to keep track of that. We also have scientific practices to force evolution—or understand an evolution forced upon it.

Consider some of these:

Technological integration - How does magic jive with technology? Are they complimentary or at odds with one another? In urban fantasy settings, magic tends to enhance technology, like spells hidden in computer code, enchanted cybernetics, or weaponry that combines magic and science.

Cultural shifts - How does the change in culture affect magic? Are new practices, beliefs, or trends introduced as people and times change?

Environmental changes - While not all magic will be tied to nature in an urban fantasy novel, you might want to include how urban expansion or climate change impact magic and its practice.

Ethics and Moral Questions

I’ll save my waxing about power dynamics and imbalances for another blog (or urban fantasy book), but it’s something worth thinking about in your writing.

Money, political influence, and physical strength can all be used and abused. They can all be tools to exploit others for your own gain.

Magic is no different. If anything, magic has the potential to be worse than all three combined.

Use and abuse of magic - What are the moral boundaries of using magic? How do your characters navigate the gray areas of ethics?

Is there something stopping one group of people from using magic like others? Is there a clear advantage that magic has given some people and not others?

Consequences of power - Absolute power corrupts absolutely. With great power comes great responsibility.

Delve into the consequences of possessing and using magical power. How does it corrupt or inspire characters? What are the long-term effects on individuals and society?

Secret Societies and Powerful Organizations

Before we dive into our next section on characters, let’s chat quickly about hidden or powerful societies. These are common tropes in urban fantasy novels because they’re fun—and make sense.

The existence of things like magic and werewolves and witches all lend themselves to some sort of organization. In this day and age, lone wolves (sometimes literally) don’t last long.

They can’t! They wouldn’t have the resources or be able to hide. Opportunistic people would overpower them and take them out. These organizations are natural products of human nature and the additional elements that you’ve added to our modern world. 

If you’re going to flesh out your secret or powerful societies and organizations, here are some things to think about.

Structure and Hierarchy

Think about and define the structure of these cabals. Are they organized in guilds, clans, or secret orders?

Actually take the time to establish this hierarchy and important players, too. Think about the leaders and the roles members play. This will allow you to make them feel real as you include them in your book.

Rules and Traditions

Also come up with the unique rules, traditions, and customs for these societies. Each of them will have their own, and all of them should be meaningful. Why do they have these customs and what do they accomplish?

Consider how the rules, specifically, affect interactions between them and both the non-magical world and other magical or supernatural groups.

Conflict and Politics

Any sort of organization, especially spooky or powerful ones, will deal with a lot of conflict. 

There will be conflict within the group. 

There will be conflict with the mundane world, even if the normies aren’t aware of it. 

There will be conflicts with other groups in the secret world.

And I’m not just talking about physical or magical conflict, either. Think about political intrigue because all organizations, at their core, are political, even if it’s only the politics of their werewolf clan or wizard guild.

Characters in Urban Fantasy

Here’s a bit of a sassy secret: developing an urban fantasy character is just like developing a character in any other story, just with some different spices.

And we have a ton of articles on character development for you (for free) on DabbleU. Check out some of these to become a character expert:

For the purpose of this article, I want to chat about those spices you might add into your urban fantasy novel.

Balance Normalcy and Uniqueness

Even if you’re using the Chosen One trope, your character still lives in the modern world. They still have to pay their bills and buy groceries.

Make sure you give your protagonist and important secondary characters relatable issues. Job stress, relationship problems, and personal insecurities let readers connect with them, even if they’re an orc mage.

This will help you walk that fine line of their dual life. They need to juggle that ordinary life with their extraordinary abilities or responsibilities, which adds some much-loved tension to your tale.

Then you need to layer on some unique traits. Give them abilities or qualities that are magical, supernatural, or otherwise different from normal folks. Make sure these set them apart for a distinct reason so they don’t get lost in the shuffle.

And always—alwaysunderstand their backstory. Even if some elements never make it onto the page, you should know how they acquired their abilities and what motivates their actions.

Types of Secondary Characters

In urban fantasy books, you’ll often see characters that embody both archetypes and beloved tropes. I’m going to list off some of the ones that make the best stories or vibe with urban fantasy readers the most here; you don’t need to use them if you don’t want to, but they are fictional folks you can add to your writing toolkit.

If you don’t know what archetypes are, they’re a set of traits and attributes that are immediately recognizable. Tropes, on the other hand, are similar but usually genre-specific things we see often. Enemies to lovers, a charming rogue, a mad scientist, etc.

Readers love their tropes, and archetypes help us avoid long-winded or confusing infodumps. So take a look at these bundles of spices all wrapped up in some tasty characters.

I also cringed at that, don’t worry.

Magical Mentors

These folks are especially common in young adult urban fantasy, but you’ll find them all over the place in this subgenre. A mentor or sage character is one who guides or trains the protagonist.

Usually, they have some sort of deep knowledge of magic or the supernatural while our protagonist—their mentee—does not.

This type of character lets you explore the mentor-student relationship and its evolution. Do they grow closer? Further apart? Does one betray the other?

Non-Magical Friends

As your protagonist navigates both worlds in your urban fantasy novel, they probably have some mundane friends. These friends, while not magical or supernatural, are incredibly important for grounding your protagonist when things get wacky.

If you want to include them, you need to decide whether these mundane friends know about the world beneath or not. How do they react to it? Do they support or hinder their friend when they learn the truth?

Supernatural Beings

You’ll struggle to find an urban fantasy without supernatural beings, they’re kind of a big deal. You can include only one or two types, or you can go for it and include werewolves, fae, vampires, demons, ghosts, witches, pixies, gnomes, dwarves, goblins, orcs, centaurs, demigods, angels, merfolk, and whatever your writer brain comes up with.

Each species should have their own unique perspectives and abilities, but each of them are still individuals (aka characters) within that group. Treat them as such when you develop them.

Local Allies

Because cities are living, breathing things (sometimes literally in urban fantasy settings), your characters will likely rely on local allies and experts to help them navigate their way through your story. 

These are characters with deep knowledge of the world, if only in their unique way, like journalists, detectives, or informants. 

There are other allies who provide resources or assistance, like magical suppliers or tech-savvy hackers.

All of these not only aid your character but add to your worldbuilding at the same time. Win-win.

Common Conflicts in Urban Fantasy

Tragically, I can’t come up with your plot for you. That’s your job, as the writer—and why we do this in the first place, right?

Like I’ve said a handful of times in this article, coming up with an urban fantasy plot is a lot like coming up with any other plot. So here are some resources to make you an expert in story structure and plot development:

For this article, to give you a hand, I want to touch on some recurring conflicts in urban fantasy. Get those gears grinding away in your noggin.

Personal Conflicts

The duality of urban fantasy worlds and the fantastical nature of them lends to a lot of inner conflict. Here are some examples:

Internal struggles - Whether grappling with their newfound magical abilities or a moral dilemma presented by the world you’ve made, your protagonist is going to have a lot of conflicting feelings.

Relationship - There will inevitably be tension with family, friends, or romantic partners as the hero tries to balance world-ending threats, potential magic powers, and the “real” world.

Identity and secrecy - Your protagonist is leading dual lives, one in each world. That alone is going to cause them a headache. Tack on the stress they feel from (and the consequences of) hiding magical truths from loved ones and the public, and you have a lot of potential for inner turmoil.

External Conflicts

I always dub these the “sexier” conflicts because they are what sell books, while personal or internal struggles are what make stories exceptional. You need both! And urban fantasy provides so much room to create stunning external conflicts to complement your internal ones.

Here are some to think about:

Supernatural threats - This is probably the most common external conflict in the urban fantasy genre. Some sort of major threat endangers the city or magical community, like a powerful eldritch being or a magical catastrophe.

Societal issues - We already have prejudice in our society and conflicts between different factions and beliefs. Now think about how much worse it would be if you threw in supernatural species and magic. Tackle broader societal issues exacerbated or created by your unique world.

Clash between the two worlds - Consider the tension between the two worlds and how that can cause conflict, too. Maybe the plot is about racing to cover up a magical incident before it’s exposed to the mundane world, or perhaps it’s more about the conflicts arising from the coexistence of these two worlds.

Power struggles - Think back to that political intrigue we were talking about. How does that manifest with your world’s being and organizations? What conflicts arise between and within the magical communities and societies over power, control, and influence?

Some Tips for Writing Urban Fantasy

Before we part ways, I just want to provide you with some last tips for writing your urban fantasy novel. These will either reinforce what we’ve spoken about or address an issue that didn’t fit nicely in one of the previous sections.

They’re all important and will be evergreen in their lasting impact on your urban fantasy writing career, though.

Writing Dialogue

Dialogue is a critical part of any novel. So much so that we made our Premium workshop on dialogue free. In urban fantasy, you’re combining a time and genre that seem contradictory when it comes to dialogue.

Keep these things in mind:

Authenticity - You’re writing in the 21st century. Use contemporary slang and idioms to ground characters in the modern world. Current (if magical) backgrounds and personalities should influence the way someone speaks. If using a real place, research local dialects and get feedback to make it sound right.

Magical vocabulary - Your world is going to have its own magical terminology. While you want to slowly introduce these terms to your reader, you also need to seamlessly integrate them into the way people speak. Take it easy at first, then let these words feel like everyday vocabulary for those in the know.

Character voice - This isn’t urban fantasy-specific, but character voice is the most important thing you can understand and develop for writing strong dialogue. Luckily for you, my pal Abi has a great guide to establishing a character’s voice right here.

Writing Description

Urban fantasy readers are unique in that they love magic, supernatural beings, and all that fun fantasy stuff, but they don’t tend to love the exposition and detail that comes with traditional or epic fantasy writing.

You need to keep that in mind while writing. Think about:

Focus on key details - Hone in on a couple details that immediately enhance the atmosphere and setting. Senses are your friends here—a smell and sound can go a long way in enhancing a scene with only a sentence or two.

Avoid infodumps - While some fantasy readers love infodumps, chill out a bit in this subgenre. Urban fantasy is faster paced, so integrate descriptions naturally into actions and dialogue when you can.

Urban and magical contrast - Highlight the contrast between the magical and mundane. Focus on how our normal changes with the presence of magic to really draw a reader’s attention.

Writing Themes

Themes are what make stories worth reading. They’re the meaning behind all the action and talking and spellslinging.

They’re also tricky to get right. Luckily for us, the urban fantasy genre skews towards some common themes people love to read about.

Identity - This genre gives you a big sandbox to explore themes of dual lives and self-discovery, whether the hero is trying to balance their two worlds or exploring their ultimate destiny.

Power and responsibility - Refer to those two lines about responsibility I used before. Examine the ethical implications of using magical power and the consequences of its abuse and explore the protagonist’s responsibility to protect both the magical and non-magical worlds.

Secrecy and revelation - These worlds are rife with lies and secrets. What does it mean to keep these secrets? How does someone feel living a life that needs to be hidden from the general population? What needs to be sacrificed to keep such a big secret?

Writing Urban Elements

When writing urban fantasy, you’re writing two urban locations: the one we know and the one we don’t. This requires some planning and intentionality.

Realistic urban settings - Incorporate realistic details of your urban setting, like local landmarks, street names, and cultural influences. Reflect the hustle and bustle of city life, including traffic, noise, diverse populations, and urban challenges.

Magical urbanization - Magical crime, enchanted public transportation, or supernatural nightlife are all signs of magical influences of urban life, so think about the way magic will influence our real cities. Then dig deeper and think about the magical influences hidden within the city. Map these all out in your notes.

Bring Your Secret World to Life With Dabble

Like any fantasy novel, there’s a ton of worldbuilding that goes along with writing urban fantasy (you could probably tell from how much time we spent on it in this article). You need to make sure you know the details of a real location PLUS all your fun magic stuff.

And then tack on your plot, characters, theme, subplots, and more.

Don’t worry, though, because Dabble has your back. For urban fantasy authors like you and me, it’s invaluable to keep all your worldbuilding info one click away from your writing, to plot your story in the Plot Grid, and make character profiles for all your supernatural beings.

The best part? You can try it all for yourself without entering any credit information. No surprise charges from the powers that be, just a totally free 14-day trial. Just click here to get started.

Doug Landsborough

Doug Landsborough can’t get enough of writing. Whether freelancing as an editor, blog writer, or ghostwriter, Doug is a big fan of the power of words. In his spare time, he writes about monsters, angels, and demons under the name D. William Landsborough. When not obsessing about sympathetic villains and wondrous magic, Doug enjoys board games, horror movies, and spending time with his wife, Sarah.